Nord–Pas-de-Calais (, is a former administrative region of France. Since 1 January 2016, it is part of the new region Nord-Pas-de-Calais-Picardie. It consisted of the departments of Nord and Pas-de-Calais. Nord–Pas-de-Calais borders the English Channel (west), the North Sea (northwest), Belgium (north and east) and Picardy (south). The majority of the region was once part of the historical (Southern) Netherlands, but gradually became part of France between 1477 and 1678, particularly during the reign of king Louis XIV. The historical French provinces that preceded Nord–Pas-de-Calais are Artois, French Flanders, French Hainaut and (partially) Picardy. These provincial designations are still frequently used by the inhabitants.