Pars pro toto,
Latin for "a part (taken) for the whole", is a
figure of speech where the name of a
portion of an object, place, or concept represents its
entirety. It is distinct from a
merism, which is a reference to a whole by an enumeration of parts;
metonymy, where an object, place, or concept is called by something or some place associated with the object, place, or concept; or
synecdoche, which can refer both to this and its inverse of the whole representing a part.