Errors of impunity is a term used in Brian Forst]s book Errors of Justice and in Robert Bohm's introduction to a special edition of The Journal of Criminal Justice on miscarriages of justice. They are defined as lapses that result in criminals either remaining at large or receiving sanctions that are below a socially optimal level. If convicting an innocent man, called a miscarriage of justice, is a Type I error for falsely identifying culpability, then an error of impunity would be a Type II error of failing to find a culpable man guilty.