The
Tonkin Campaign was an
armed conflict fought between June 1883 and April 1886 by the French against, variously, the Vietnamese,
Liu Yongfu's
Black Flag Army and the Chinese
Guangxi and
Yunnan armies to occupy
Tonkin (northern
Vietnam) and entrench a French protectorate there. The campaign, complicated in August 1884 by the outbreak of the
Sino-French War and in July 1885 by the
Cần Vương nationalist uprising in Annam, which required the diversion of large numbers of French troops, was conducted by the
Tonkin Expeditionary Corps, supported by the gunboats of the
Tonkin Flotilla. The campaign officially ended in April 1886, when the expeditionary corps was reduced in size to a division of occupation, but Tonkin was not effectively pacified until 1896.