Marie-Henri Beyle (; 23 January 1783 – 23 March 1842), better known by his pen name Stendhal ( or ; in English , , or ), was a 19th-century French writer. Best known for the novels Le Rouge et le Noir (The Red and the Black, 1830) and La Chartreuse de Parme (The Charterhouse of Parma, 1839), he is highly regarded for the acute analysis of his characters' psychology and considered one of the earliest and foremost practitioners of realism.