The
Communist Party of Germany (Opposition) ( or , generally abbreviated as KPO or KPDO) was a
communist opposition organisation established at the end of 1928 and maintaining its existence until 1939 or 1940. After the rise of
Adolf Hitler and the
Nazi Party to power in January 1933, the KPO existed only as an illegal and underground organization. The group initially sought to modify, later to replace, the mainstream
Communist Party of Germany (KPD) headed by
Ernst Thälmann. The KPO was the first national section affiliated to the
International Communist Opposition (ICO).