The Era of Stagnation (, Stagnation Period, also called the Brezhnevian Stagnation) was a period of negative economic, political, and social effects in the Soviet Union, dubbed by a generic term "stagnation", which began during the rule of Leonid Brezhnev (1964–1982) and continued under Yuri Andropov (1982–1984) and Konstantin Chernenko (1984–1985). This period ended when Mikhail Gorbachev introduced his policies of glasnost, perestroika, uskoreniye, and demokratizatsiya. However the efforts of Gorbachev failed and the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991.