Arthur Koestler,
CBE (; ; ; 5 September 1905 – 1 March 1983) was a Hungarian-British author and journalist. Koestler was born in Budapest and, apart from his early school years, was educated in Austria. In 1931 Koestler joined the
Communist Party of Germany until, disillusioned by
Stalinism, he resigned in 1938. In 1940 he published his novel
Darkness at Noon, an anti-
totalitarian work that gained him international fame. Over the next 43 years, from his residence in Britain, Koestler espoused many political causes, and wrote novels, memoirs, biographies and numerous essays. In 1968 he was awarded the
Sonning Prize "for [his] outstanding contribution to European culture" and in 1972 he was made a
Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE). In 1976 he was diagnosed with
Parkinson's disease and in 1979 with terminal
leukaemia. In 1983 he and his wife
killed themselves at their home in London.